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There are many ways to go about this. Files like those keyfiles and encryption headers are extra sensitive because (a) they potentially provide access to everything and (b) losing them can block access to everything. Personally, I keep those types of files unencrypted in a directory that stays 100% offline (encrypted backups to external disks only). But there's no reason not to back those files up to an encrypted online repository (where you trust the encryption). Just make sure that's not your only backup of those files for obvious reasons.
A good practice to avoid painting yourself in a corner is to test your backups: Switch off your PC / server, put your mobile devices in a drawer (pretend they're gone), borrow / wipe a cheap laptop. How do you access your backup files using just that laptop?
But if your encryption keys to your offsite backup are on-site only, doesn't that make your offsite backup worthless in the case where "offsite" is important?
If your house burns down, you don't have your encryption keys to your only backup.
Good catch... and that's why I keep up-to-date encrypted offline backups in two locations (home and office) always. That should be enough really, but I've been thinking about swapping one of those drives with a third backup at one of my relatives' house from time to time, just to make irrecoverable failure even less likely.
So you keep an encrypted backup at work with the decryption key at home, and an encrypted backup at home with the decryption key at work?
No, that would clearly defeat the purpose of redundant backups. I remember the passphrases for my backups.