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Not a professional networking guy either but here's my opinion.
What I would do is use the ISP router as is, open all ports on it (except to itself, hopefully it doesn't do that...), and put a firewall in between the router and everything else that controls the actual access to everything behind it (in bridge mode between the two network interfaces of the firewall, so you only have the one network).
Devices in IPv6 assign addresses themselves via SLAAC, you just need one device advertising the prefix which the ISP router should already do. The firewall should be able to just purely be there for packet filtering. If you need fixed addresses for public facing servers I would just assign them manually to the respective boxes as you likely also need to add them to public DNS manually anyway.
Thank you! Do you have an example for such a firewall device? Could something like the TP-Link Archer AX55 in IPv6 "pass-through" mode do the job? Or would you go for a standalone firewall? My budget is around a hundret bucks.
Most computers with (at least) two network interfaces will do. If it's something too crappy your throughput will be limited by CPU speed but I can't tell you exact recommendations here. Here's OPNsense's hardware recommendations for example, they're not high at all. Off-the-shelf devices that allow you to do this should probably be fine too.
I'd put Linux on it and use nftables but BSD PF seems to be very popular for firewalls (OPNsense/pfSense are built on this) which I have never used so consider that too.
Thank you! I'll evaluate and report back.