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You need to create an MX record in the DNS zone of your domain. Something like:
You can create 1 MX record or more. 10 and 20 server priority for input mails.
Then you need to create an spf record. There are several options here. For example
@ IN TXT "v=spf1 +a +mx -all"
allows you to send emails from A domain records, then from MX domain records and prohibits from all other hosts.
Theoretically, you can only create an SPF record with A but without MX and dont create MX DNS records. Although I have not tried this configuration.
This is the minimum set after which you will get into spam, but at least the letters will reach.
You also need to make a PTR record to avoid spam folder, but this is not possible on a dynamic IP.
If A and MX point to the same server you do not need the MX record.
Quite a few mail providers will also just blacklist all dynamic IPs in general.
I would recommend sending the mails via a smarthost (i.e. some authenticated SMTP connection).