Linux

• Set a decently good password (password is required frequently on Linux, so do go overboard with a 40-random-characters-long password, you will regret it)
• don't install programs or run scripts from shady sources, prefer to install programs from the Software store (package manager and flatpak)
• setup a backup system to regularly copy all your files to a separate storage device. This is the way to protect yourself from ransomware but also user errors! Having the possibility to format your drive, reinstall and restore backup in a 1 hour time span is going to give you the peace of mine you need for exploring and experimenting with Linux

Linux is always more secure than win10, so whatever your need, Linux is more secure. The biggest threat is almost always yourself, and what you open up, give away, and how easy you make the codes you use and so forth.

So how can I as a new user make sure to have the most secure machine as possible?

That's not what you want. You want a reasonable level of confidence that your system is secure.

The process is similar to Windows - keep it up-to-date, use good passwords, don't run things as root (admin), and don't install things that are questionable.

The package manager under linux is where you should start, and that varys by distro some. But generally speaking things installed from there are "safe" and will be updated by the package manager when you do updates.

Nothin, just install your favourite distro and don't run random command/scripts/binaries you found on the internet

Keep your user account is user space.

Avoid unnecessary root access.

Others have said it before but basically : what is YOUR (not me, not your best friend, nor your colleague, etc) threat model?

To clarify that means WHO is actually trying to threaten your security?

Typical for most people it would be :

• scammers trying to get pieces of your identity or your local cryptocurrency wallet or resources they can use to repeat that on to others.

For some people, like activists or political journalists it would be :

• national actors, e.g. governments, with their surveillance apparatus, who might end up on a list with a set of conditions that would trigger some automated scan to get e.g. Signal logs

For very very few people, say Edward Snowden, who within the previous group actually did trigger some action :

• actual team of hackers trying to hack into their devices

So as you can imagine if you are part of group 1, 2 or 3 then way you will protect yourself is totally different. What you will also have to protect is also different, e.g. if you have no cryptowallet but are traveling you might have to protect your phone physical phone and its data.

So... if you are serious about this, take a cybersecurity class. There are plenty available but how a computer works, software and hardware alike, is precisely what makes them simultaneously powerful and also dangerous. There are plenty of ways to break security (e.g. return oriented programing), plenty of ways that practically impossible (e.g. encryption) due to the very nature of computers (i.e. computational complexity) which IMHO makes this one of the most fascinating topic. Ask yourself come the credit card in your pocket (costing few bucks to make) can't be cracked by the largest super computers (costing billions) on Earth?

TL;DR: no offense but you don't seem to be ready for the answer without getting the basics first.

I would argue that Linux is inherently much more secure than windoze, simply because of how it handles user space vs. System (root access vs. User access). Also by how transparent its configuration is and how much information is readily accessible detailing how it works and how to adjust things.

However, when talking security for anything above the average user’s browsing needs, it can get very complicated depending on what you are trying to achieve.

Think of it like building something to keep out honest people vs. to keep out hardened, knowledgeable, clever thieves. Obviously the latter is going to take more time and resources to achieve, while the need to keep out more sophisticated bad actors would probably only be needed if you have something they might want.

Here are some suggestions for searching if actual security is your goal. Others can chime in with more things if they want. This is just some topics/programs you can read about to dip your toes in.

• nftables/Firewalld (common firewalls)
• wireguard/openvpn (vpn protocols)
• rootless containers (podman)

Best of luck!

So how can I as a new user make sure to have the most secure machine as possible?

Shut the computer down. That's it; computer as secure as possible.

Otherwise, if you actually want to use your computer, google for "threat model" first.

But generally: use an adblocker in your webbrowser, don't execute random commands/tools from the internet before you know for sure what you're doing, update stuff now and then and make backups.

Just make sure everything's updated.

Microsoft do a good job of updating drivers and their applications, but Windows application updates vary so much.

For Linux - mostly - the distro maintainers handle all updates and just updating is usually enough.

After that it's down to you... if you disable all the built-in protection and visit dodgy websites then any OS is going to struggle.

You can improve the out-of-box security by removing software you don't use, improving default configurations (one size doesn't fit all) and considering if you want additional security software - this applies to any OS.

So, to return to your question, choose a Linux distro which has regular updates and only contains applications that you use.

You don't actually need "perfect" security in the future, any more than you did in the past. Windows was not perfect, right? So stop looking for perfection. Instead, look for "good enough for 99.9% of the world". And you can get that with many of the popular Linux distributions.

Basically, install a popular distro, and keep your software to whatever is in the package manager. Don't install random shit manually. Don't download random software from random websites. Don't fuck with security settings unless you read up on the topic very thoroughly. Then you'll be fine.

Security is a rabbit hole.

You're going to end up wasting a lot of time and effort on learning about something that in the end will not have a substantial impact on your computing experience.

It will make you look good in front of losers on the internet you'll never meet, though.

From a windows perspective Linux does 2 things differently which makes it more secure to Windows.

1. Like MacOS it doesn’t need antivirus software like Norton. Windows needs antivirus because DOS the OS windows is based on, had it where any program had access to anything. This is still sadly true even on Windows 11. Linux is Sandboxed, where instead of giving the program full access to everything, you just give it a sandbox with what it needs.

Unless you deliberately run a program as the admin of Linux (su or sudo), malicious code can just delete system32.

2. Linux’s is open source and while the desktop market share is tiny, there are a massive market in servers. As a result since there are a lot of eyes on the project if/when problems are found they are fixed quickly. I remember a time when a malicious actor was trying to add a backdoor into a library as a blob and it was caught.

Windows on the other hand is closed source, meaning if MS can’t find the issue, the only time it is found is when it’s in the field. To avoid downtime MS offers bug bounty programs for those who can find issues, rather than to let them exploit it.

There's a lot of people with the idea that open source can't be secure because people see the source code.

But imagine this. You have 2 locks, one that is completely viewable of the innerworkings, and another that is covered, both have been unbreakable, but could you imagine the balls on the guy that made the clear lock? Imagine feeling so confident that your lock was clearly the best, that you just expose it to any hacker ever and they still can't get in.

Microsoft can barely get things working with their closed source code.

In reality, anything is exploitable and hackable eventually. With the open source community there are so many eyes on it that when someone notices that the program is running 2 seconds slower than it used to, they discover a vulnerability instead of just accepting it and saying "probably MS doing some BS" and dealing with it.

the most secure possible? you'll need to learn a ton. you'll get there, but it'll take a while.

decently secure? install Linux Mint, install your updates, don't run sketchy commands with URLs in them unless you know what you're doing, maybe follow a hardening guide. you'll be okay.

if you need to be extremely secure and private, install Tails on a USB stick. it will be slow and frustrating, and you'll need to save files to a second USB drive, but it will probably keep you pretty safe, and it's decently user-friendly. just make sure you keep Tails updated! you'll have to do that by flashing the new Tails onto a new USB drive, there's no easy way around that.

those are your two most user-friendly, safe approaches.

To have the most secure machine possible, you might need a hardened kernel but you absolutely need to have SELinux (or equivalent) rules set up.

The easiest way to have a go at this would be to install OpenSuSE (any version will do, they all ship with SELinux ootb) and follow guides on how to setup SELinux permissions.

Microsoft being closed source hides their bugs and vulnerabilities. Even when security researchers have sent in reports MS has sat on them due to profit being motive not security, and not taking vulners seriously until the researchers say screw that and publish it.

Linux being open can have all eyes on it, and if there is an exploit, there is a community willing to help ASAP.

On many distros you may have weekly or even daily updates or patches coming through with fixes. A distro like OpenSUSE has various patch and list patch commands that show what security patches are avilailable, their status (critical, recommended) and if it's needed on your system or not depending on what you have installed. You don't get transparency on closed source systems.

If you are paranoid about security you can use AppArmor tools or SELinux. AppArmor can be set to learn how an app behaves, then you lock it so the app can't do new things.

SELinux you set rules for files and folders, so even with remote access an attacker can't access data if rules don't allow file listing over SSH etc

Security is an insanely broad topic. As an average desktop user, keep your system up to date, and don't run random programs from untrusted sources (most of the internet). This will cover almost everyones needs. For laptops, I'd recommend enabling drive encryption during installation, though note that data recovery is harder with it enabled.

To be honest, security in the desktop Linux space has traditionally been a bit shit.

Since you're new, it's important for you to understand that Linux is a kernel. That's the most low-down part of your operating system that handles your OS talking to your hardware and vice versa. Linux is not a full OS; it doesn't provide any userspace tools that an OS provides. That's why people don't install Linux on its own, but they install Linux distributions, which are full OSes using the Linux kernel that come with more or less software to make Linux a complete OS, or at least bootable. That means that there is no one way to do things in Linux. There are some Linux distributions that are security-focused, such as Qubes OS and Alpine Linux. There's also the new immutable distros, which provide security because the entire OS is defined declaratively, meaning you can easily rollback changes, and it's harder to get infected with malware on those systems. There's a lot of variability. Some systems are quite secure by default. A lot of other systems do not set up any security measures by default and expect the user to do that.

If you're interested in hardening your Linux install, I would recommend the Arch wiki's security page which has a lot of good advice.

Security is a really broad topic and the relevant security measures for you are going to vary based on your threat model. General good practices include using some form of MAC, setting up a firewall, don't install random crap you don't need (and if you are getting software from somewhere that isn't vetted, e.g. the AUR, you should vet it yourself—e.g. if you use the AUR, learn to read PKGBUILDs), use full-disk encryption. Anti-virus software is largely not necessary on Linux, especially if you only install software from your package manager and follow other security good practice.

what i did after install mint, enable firewall, disable vnc, ssh ,rdp ports. install opensnitch, install pihole

I just want to say that you're probably worrying too much about it. Of course, there is lots of things one can do to improve security (which the others here are listing dutifully) and it is foolish to just assume that one's computer is entirely secure, because as a user, you will always have the ability to bypass that.

But there's a pretty firm consensus in the IT industry that Linux is more secure than Windows. And that the popular Linux distributions are more trustworthy organizations than Microsoft.

So, it's good to inform yourself, but if you survived on Windows, you at least should not worry about the Linux side of things. It's more than fine.